When travelling, it is common to come into contact with animals. These encounters can occur in zoos, petting cafes or with wild animals and may lead to injuries, ranging from minor nips to severe bites or scratches.

Immediate Steps: First Aid for Animal Bites 

The first few minutes matter most. Quick action reduces the risk of infection.

1. Wash Thoroughly: Rinse the wound with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes. This helps flush out bacteria and saliva, reducing the risk of infection.
2. Apply Pressure: If the wound is bleeding, apply direct pressure with a clean cloth or sterile gauze to stop the bleeding.
3. Cover the Wound: Once bleeding stops, cover the wound with a clean, dry dressing.
4. Seek Medical Attention Immediately: All injuries should be assessed by a doctor, who may prescribe antibiotics or antivirals, as well as post-exposure vaccinations against rabies and tetanus.

Understanding the Risks

Animal bites are not just skin-deep — they can expose you to serious infections if left untreated. Three key concerns are rabies, tetanus and, in the case of monkey bites, Herpes B virus.

1. Rabies

• Rabies is a deadly viral disease that affects the brain and nervous system. It is transmitted through the saliva of an infected mammal, usually via a bite or through an existing open wound. Mammals commonly associated with rabies include bats, dogs and cats.
• Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): Frequent travellers to rabies-risk areas may be advised to receive a preventive vaccine course, typically three injections.
• Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): If you have not received PrEP, you may require a full vaccination course of four to five injections and possibly rabies immunoglobulin, depending on the severity of the bite. If you have completed PrEP, only two booster injections are required.

2. Tetanus

• Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani, a bacterium found in soil, dust and animal faeces. It enters the body through breaks in the skin, often deep puncture wounds such as animal bites.
• Tetanus can cause painful muscle spasms and even death if untreated.
• Tetanus is preventable through vaccination. It is recommended to receive a tetanus booster every 10 years. If you have not had a booster within the last five years and sustain an animal bite, your doctor may recommend another booster dose.

3. Herpes B Virus (Monkey B Virus)

• Though rare, exposure to macaque monkeys can transmit Herpes B virus through bites, scratches or contact with saliva.
• If untreated, this infection can affect the nervous system and may be fatal.
• Clean the wound thoroughly and seek immediate medical attention. Doctors may prescribe antiviral medication such as acyclovir or valacyclovir as prophylaxis.

Prevention is Key

The best way to manage animal bites is to prevent them. Teach children how to interact safely with animals, avoid approaching unfamiliar animals, and ensure pets are vaccinated against rabies.

By understanding the immediate steps to take, the risks involved, and when to seek professional medical help, you can effectively manage animal bites and protect yourself and your loved ones from serious health consequences.

If you are travelling or planning to be in close contact with animals, consult the specialists at TTSH Travellers' Health and Vaccination Clinic for personalised advice, vaccinations and treatment options.