Overview
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
Mild Cognitive Impairment is an intermediate state between normal ageing and dementia.
- M – Mild means (that) although symptoms may be troubling, the person is still able to manage daily activities well
- C – Cognitive means 'thinking' and the ability to learn, remember, understand, communicate or process sensory information
- I – Impairment means not performing as expected for the person's age and background
What is the difference between normal ageing, MCI and dementia?
- MCI is an intermediate state between normal ageing and dementia
- Persons with MCI may experience minor difficulties with more demanding tasks but should not have major problems with everyday living
- In contrast, persons with dementia experience problems even with everyday tasks due to changes in the brain
If I have MCI, will I eventually progress to Dementia?
Older adults with MCI are at increased risk of progressing to dementia. The risk of progression to dementia in those > 65 years is estimated to be 15% over 2 years.
However, not everyone with MCI will develop dementia. Some people with MCI remain stable over time and some may even improve and revert to normal, especially if a treatable cause of MCI is identified.
Despite the symptoms, a person with MCI can still function independently in the community. Dementia should be considered if the above symptoms worsen such that it affects functioning in the community.
Detection & Treatment
How is MCI diagnosed?
MCI is diagnosed by clinical history, physical examination, cognitive assessments and (other) investigation (such as blood tests(?) and brain imaging)
Can MCI be treated?
Currently, there are no proven medications or supplements that have shown significant benefit in (treating) MCI. However, there are interventions that could delay or prevent the progression of MCI to dementia.
Care Management
These are some interventions that may delay or prevent the progression of MCI to dementia.
1. Cognitive Stimulation
Why it is important
The 'use it or lose it' hypothesis suggests that mental activity might improve cognitive function. Cognitive stimulation helps build up your brain reserves to help prevent or delay the onset of dementia.
What you can do
- Keep your brain active with puzzles, quizzes or reading
- Joining a choir and learning new songs can also help in improving memory
2. Hearing Loss
Why it is important
Hearing loss might result in social isolation due to reduced cognitive stimulation.
What you can do
- Attend regular health screenings and consult a doctor if you experience hearing loss
- Hearing aids should be worn if prescribed
3. Good Mood
Why it is important
It is important to maintain a good mood as depression increases the risk of dementia.
What you can do
- Spend time to relax and do things that you enjoy. Read books on relaxation or participate in mindfulness exercises
- Speak to your family and consult a doctor if you feel down, depressed or helpless
4. Good Sleep
Why it is important
Sleep disturbance has been linked to changes in the brain which may increase the risk of dementia.
What you can do
- Keep a (regular) sleep schedule, limit naps
- Avoid stimulants such as caffeine (tea/coffee) and alcohol before bed
- Ensure sleep environment is conducive
- Consider doing meditation, listening to music, praying, chanting if it helps to enhance sleep
5. Social Engagement
Why it is important
Social engagement enhances cognitive reserves while decreasing the risk of dementia and depression.
What you can do
- Make an effort to visit friends and family
- Learn a new hobby
- Keep a pet, connect with other pet owners
- Do volunteer work
- Use existing skills and talents to network
6. Physical Activity
Why it is important
Exercise promotes the release of neurochemicals that help with learning and memory.
What you can do
- Do regular physical exercise
- Exercise in a group
- Incorporate exercise into your daily routine (e.g. household chores, gardening, walking the dog, choosing to walk instead of (taking) public transport)
7. Balanced Diet
Why it is important
A balanced diet will ensure adequate nutrients and vitamins to maintain a healthy brain.
What you can do
- Include a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein and healthy fats (E.g. Mediterranean Diet)
- Limit unhealthy and (processed foods that are) high in sodium, saturated fats and processed foods
8. Cardiovascular Disease (Hypertension, Diabetes, Hyperlipidemia)
Why it is important
Cardiovascular diseases increase the risk of stroke, which may accelerate cognitive decline and dementia.
What you can do
- Take medications regularly to ensure good control of chronic diseases
- Attend regular health check-ups
9. Smoking Cessation
Why it is important
Smoking affects general health and also contributes to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease which compromises brain health.
What you can do
- Cut down and gradually aim to stop smoking
- Seek professional advice from smoking cessation clinics
10. Alcohol Cessation
Why it is important
Alcohol consumption is associated with decline in mental and physical capabilities, which may lead to cognitive impairment and dementia.
What you can do
- Drink alcohol in moderation
- Speak to a healthcare professional for advice on how to reduce or stop the habit of drinking
Specialties & Services
