There are many chemicals in the brain (called neurotransmitters) that control mood, perception and judgement. It is believed that imbalances in certain neurotransmitters cause bipolar disorder. They may be imbalanced due to genetic reasons. People with relatives who have mood disorders may be at greater risk of developing bipolar disorder.

In addition to genetic influences, stressful life events and certain personality traits might predispose someone towards developing bipolar disorder.

Alcohol and illegal drug-use also have a profound impact on mood state. Using these substances can increase the risk of a relapse and interfere with medications used to treat bipolar disorder.

Understanding Bipolar Disorder with Mahita Vas

Depression and mania usually occur in episodes. Each episode lasts for a few weeks to a few months. Mild cases may pass for normal for many years. In severe cases, the person may become agitated or experience psychosis. Different individuals will have different symptoms. For example, a person with bipolar disorder may experience predominantly depression, and another may experience predominantly mania.

In between episodes, the person can manage and carry out daily activities as usual.
 

When depressed, the person:

• Feels persistently sad.
• Feels hopeless.
• Feels lethargic.
• Experiences disturbances in sleep and appetite.
• Feels excessively guilty.
• Feels negative.
• Feels suicidal.

When manic, the person:

• Becomes overly elated and energetic.
• Becomes more irritable.
• Requires less sleep.
• Has racing thoughts.
• Talks very quickly.
• Takes many grand plans.
• May believe that he has supernatural powers, or a special mission.
• May impulsively engage in potentially dangerous behaviour.

Mixed episodes
Sometimes, patients may experience symptoms of both mania and depression during the same episode. These symptoms may alternate rapidly from day-to-day or even hour-to-hour.

Bipolar disorder is a chronic illness, like diabetes. It is treated mainly with medication to manage acute episodes and help prevent relapse. Mood stabilisers, antidepressants, anti-psychotics and sedatives can be used in different combinations, depending on the patient's condition. It may take a few days to a few weeks for a person to experience the optimal effect of medications.

Therapies like cognitive behavioural therapy can help patients recognise early signs of an episode. They can also help patients seek treatment, improve relationships and make lifestyle changes to prevent triggers.

Support and understanding from family members and friends are equally important in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Caregivers are encouraged to learn about the condition so that they can provide emotional and practical suport. This may involve helping patients with daily tasks when they are experiencing a manic or depressive episode. It also includes encouraging them to take their medicatoin and go to therapy sessions.

Appropriate treatment, follow-up and support can help control bipolar disorder effectively. In severe cases, patients may benefit from electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).